Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

  • Symptoms: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide.
  • Duration: At least two weeks, often longer

Bipolar Disorder

  • Symptoms: Alternating periods of depression and mania (elevated mood, increased energy, risky behaviors) or hypomania (milder mania).
  • Types:
    • Bipolar I: Includes manic episodes.
    • Bipolar II: Includes hypomanic and depressive episodes.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) (Dysthymia)

  • Symptoms: Chronic low-grade depression lasting at least two years.
  • Impact: Long-term impairment.

Cyclothymic Disorder

  • Symptoms: Chronic mood swings between hypomania and mild depression.
  • Duration: At least two years.

Causes and Risk Factors

  • Biological: Genetics, brain chemistry.
  • Psychological: Trauma, stress.
  • Environmental: Lack of support, substance abuse.

Resources

  • Psychotherapy: CBT, IPT
  • Medications: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers
  • Lifestyle: Exercise, diet, sleep
  • Support: Groups, family therapy

Combining these approaches can help improve mental health, but requires early intervention and ongoing management.